Kinetics of esterification of benzoic acid and isoamyl alcohol catalyzed by <i>P</i>‐toluenesulphonic acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The kinetics of the esterification between benzoic acid and isoamyl alcohol has been studied using p‐toluenesulphonic acid as a catalyst. The conversion of the benzoic acid was determined by following the concentration of water measured with a Karl Fischer titrator. The effects of the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and initial acid to alcohol molar ratio on reaction kinetics have been examined. A five‐step assumption was proposed to describe the reaction mechanism for the formation of isoamyl benzoate. And the kinetic model derived from the proposed mechanism can fit well with experimental kinetic data of the esterification, which indicates that the proposed mechanism is reasonable. The nonideality of the liquid reaction mixture has been considered and the activity coefficients of all components were estimated by the UNIFAC model. The reaction rate constants from 353.15 K to 383.15 K have been determined through the least square method. Meanwhile the activation energy and the standard enthalpy change of reaction in the presence of p‐toluenesulphonic acid were calculated to be 50.45 kJ/mol and −3.75 kJ/mol respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".