Three-dimensional monotonic and cyclic behavior of a gravel–steel interface from large-scale simple-shear tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gravel–structure interfaces are involved in many large-scale geotechnical applications and play a vital role in the performance of soil–structure interaction systems. A large-scale simple-shear device was professionally developed and used to investigate three-dimensional (3-D) monotonic and cyclic shear behavior of a gravel–steel interface in two-way beeline, cross, and circular shear paths. The soil deformation was measured and was used to determine the interface thickness. The deforming and sliding displacements of the interface were quantified and separated from the total tangential displacement. Results show that the interface thickness is about 6–7 times the mean grain size, D 50 , independent of the normal stress and shear path. Under 3-D loading conditions, the shear stress vs. tangential displacement hysteretic response exhibits notably 3-D features. The interface becomes stiffer because of the hardening behavior of the gravel during cyclic shearing. The total normal displacement can be divided into irreversible and reversible components, which present different responses. The peak shear strength is mobilized when the interface dilatancy rate reaches the maximum at a sliding displacement of about 0.5D 50 , and behaves in an anisotropic manner caused by the shear orientation effect. The normal stress and shear paths have significant influences on the 3-D interface behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".