Blood pressure variability increases with advancing chronic kidney disease stage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Increased BP-variability predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensives. This study aimed to examine short-term BP-variability according to renal function stage. METHODS: We included 16 546 patients [10 270 (62.1%) without/6276 (38.9%) with CKD Stage 1-5] from the Spanish Ambulatory-Blood-Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) Registry. Stages of CKD were defined according to K/DIGO criteria, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated with the CKD-EPI equation and albumin-to-creatine ratio. BP-variability was assessed with standard deviation (SD), weighted SD (wSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV). RESULTS: Compared with those without CKD, a lower proportion of CKD patients were dippers (51.9 versus 39.6%; P < 0.001). Across CKD stages, a progressive decrease in dipper (from 39.1 to 20.4%; P < 0.001) and increase in riser proportion (from 12.3 to 36.7%; P < 0.001) were noted. Patients with CKD had significantly higher SBP SD, wSD, CV and ARV and lower DBP SD compared with those without CKD (P < 0.001). Within CKD Stages, an increasing trend from Stage 1 towards Stage 5 was observed for SBP SD (from 13.8 ± 3.7 to 15.6 ± 5.4 mmHg), wSD (from 12.0 ± 3.2 to 13.9 ± 5.1 mmHg), CV (from 10.4 ± 2.7 to 11.5 ± 4.1%), ARV (from 9.9 ± 2.3 to 11.4 ± 3.2 mmHg); P < 0.001 for all comparisons. DBP SD (P < 0.001), wSD and ARV (P = 0.002) were slightly decreasing, whereas DBP CV increased from Stage 1 to Stage 4 (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, male gender, older age, abdominal obesity, diabetes, number of antihypertensive medications, and clinic SBP were independent factors for higher SBP 24-h ARV in CKD. CONCLUSION: An increase in short-term SBP-variability was present with advancing CKD stages in a large cohort. This increased SBP-variability may be involved in the sharp elevation of cardiovascular risk with worsening renal function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".