Retrospectively analysing condition in historical samples of birds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Large amounts of nitrogen are used as fertilizer across the globe annually exceeding 100 million metric tons, with consequences for primary productivity and effects at higher trophic levels. We measured δ 15 N values in feathers from samples of eiders Somateria mollissima wintering on the Danish coast in 2014‐2016 and a century ago, using museum specimens. Blue mussels Mytilus edulis are filter feeders relying on phytoplankton as food and they constitute the main diet of eiders. Feather δ 15 N increased by 40% during the past century reflecting increased terrestrial runoff of N through agricultural use of fertilizer, in turn supporting increased primary production in shallow coastal systems. This increase in δ 15 N was associated with an increase in body mass and longer duration of moult. However, there was a recent decrease in the quality of feathers as reflected by more fault bars and a higher degree of feather wear suggesting that longer duration of moult comes at a cost in terms of poorer feather quality. These findings imply that terrestrial nitrogen subsidies to coastal marine systems from anthropogenic sources has profound effects on species such as the eider as revealed by the effects on body condition and plumage quality and hence the ability to fly and dive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".