Relationship of employment status and socio‐economic factors with distress levels and counselling outcomes during a recession
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Social inequalities may be magnified during times of economic growth and recession when unemployment levels increase and income opportunities diminish. During a recession with high regional unemployment levels, can therapists expect the same improvements from therapy as they could in good economic times? The aim of this naturalistic study was to use routinely collected outcome measurement data to explore the relationships between unemployment status and client level of distress at the start and completion of counselling. Methods The sample included 20,690 clients from Calgary Counselling Centre ( CCC ) who received counselling between January 2013 and December 2016, and completed the Outcome Questionnaire‐45.2 ( OQ ) (Lambert, Gregersen & Burlingame, 2004) at both the first and last sessions. Relationships between employment status and level of distress at first and last counselling sessions for these clients were assessed using cross‐tabulations, chi‐square and one‐way analysis of variance tests of significance. Results Less improvement was gained from counselling during the recession period than during the boom, and outcomes were affected by age, gender and income level differentially for employed and unemployed clients. Discussion Routine outcome data can be utilised at an agency/community level to illustrate the effect of socio‐economic factors on mental health status and treatment outcomes in the general population as well as on community mental health service utilisation. Employment status affects the sociodemographic profile of clients attending a community mental health centre, which in turn affects counselling outcomes overall.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it