Ruthenium-Tin Oxide/Carbon Supported Platinum Catalysts for Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethanol in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon black coated with a mixture of Ru and Sn oxides has been used as a support for Pt nanoparticles (Pt/Ru-Sn oxide/C) in order to increase their activity for ethanol oxidation without a significant loss of selectivity. The mixed oxide layer was prepared by the reaction of the carbon surface with KRuO 4 in the presence of Sn(IV). Pt nanoparticles were then deposited by reduction of H 2 PtCl 6 with NaBH 4 . The resulting catalyst provided higher electrochemical activities than Pt black for ethanol oxidation in both a liquid electrolyte cell at ambient temperature and a proton exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cell at 80°C. CO 2 yields from the fuel cell were similar for the Pt/Ru-Sn oxide/C and Pt black catalysts, while acetic acid to acetaldehyde ratios were much higher for Pt/Ru-Sn oxide/C. Consequently, the Pt/Ru-Sn oxide/C catalyst increased both the voltage efficiency and faradaic efficiency of the cell.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".