Blastomycosis hospitalizations in northwestern Ontario: 2006–2015
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Blastomycosis, caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis, is an invasive fungal disease found in Central Canada and Central and Midwestern United States.Objective: To describe trends in and epidemiology of hospitalized cases of blastomycosis reported among northwestern Ontario residents between 2006 and 2015.Methods: Blastomycosis hospitalization data were extracted from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), accessed through IntelliHEALTH Ontario.The DAD includes administrative, clinical and demographic information on hospital discharges provided by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI).Blastomycosis records were identified using ICD-10 codes B40.0 to B40.9.Hospitalization rates were calculated for all of Ontario, and age-specific hospitalization rates were calculated for northwestern Ontario and analyzed by local health region, time and seasonality as well as presenting symptoms.Results: There were 581 hospitalizations for blastomycosis reported in Ontario over this 10-year period.Of these, 245 (42%) were from northwestern Ontario, although this region accounts for only 0.6% of the Ontario population.The average hospitalization rate for blastomycosis in northwestern Ontario was 35.0 per 100,000 per year.This rate varied from 1.7 in the Red Lake region to 57.9 in the Kenora region.The most common presentation was acute pulmonary symptoms.Men were 1.36 times more likely to be hospitalized for blastomycosis than were women (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.75,P<0.05).Most hospitalizations were registered in the late fall months, suggesting blastomycosis exposure in the spring/summer season followed by a lengthy incubation period.Conclusion: Areas of northwestern Ontario have high reported rates of blastomycosis.It is not known to what extent there are regional differences in other states and provinces.Interregional differences may warrant prioritizing strategies for blastomycosis prevention and control as well as additional research and surveillance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".