Comparative sonographic review of benign and malignant breast masses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Complex breast masses may appear as suspicious ultrasound findings that usually warrant biopsy. Ductal cell carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) is a form of breast cancer with a non-uniform appearance and malignant potential. A longitudinal review of mammary gland ultrasound (with high frequency transducer) within a three-year period was conducted. Differential diagnosis of fibroadenoma, lactating adenoma, mastitis, galactocele, breast cancer, abscess and “general” masses greater than 16 mm in diameter was stratified. Based on the breast imaging reporting in data system (BIRADS), lesions were classified as benign or malignant and recommendations of cytology made in cases of observed overlap findings. Image sonomorphologic information on mass-echogenic halo and non-uniform orientation were documented; while malignant factors like scar tissue, focal fibrosis and papillomas may be associated with a false positive (conclusion) result. Doppler studies on further mass evaluation is encouraged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".