Experimental evidence for predominant nocturnal pollination despite more frequent diurnal visitation in <i>Abronia umbellata</i> (Nyctaginaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Different suites of floral traits are associated with historical selection by particular functional groups of pollinators, but contemporary floral phenotypes are not necessarily good predictors of a plant’s effective pollinators. To determine the extent to which plant species specialize on particular functional groups of pollinators, it is important to quantify visitation rates for the full spectrum of flower visitors as well as to experimentally assess the contributions of each functional group to plant reproduction. We assessed whether attracting both diurnal and nocturnal flower visitors corresponded to pollination generalization or specialization in the Pacific coastal dune endemic Abronia umbellata var. umbellata. In multiple populations over two years, we observed flower visitors during the day and at night to assess visitation rates by different insect groups and conducted pollinator exclusion experiments to assess the contributions of diurnal and nocturnal visitors to seed production.Flower visitation rates were 8.67 times higher during the day than at night, but nocturnal visitation resulted in significantly higher seed set, suggesting that nocturnal noctuid and sphingid moths are the chief pollinators. Most diurnal visitors were honey bees, with tongues too short to reach A. umbellata nectar or contact stigmas and effect pollination. The prevalence of honey bees, combined with the lack of successful seed production resulting from diurnal pollination, suggests that honey bees are pollen thieves that collect pollen but do not deposit it on stigmas. Our results underscore the need to experimentally assess the contributions of different groups of flower visitors to plant reproduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".