Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Walter Kohn, a giant of theoretical physics, died at his home in Santa Barbara, California, on 19 April 2016, at the age of 93. Walter's life epitomized both the hardships and the wondrous achievements of physicists in the twentieth century. He escaped from Nazi-occupied Austria on one of the last children's rescue trains (the Kindertransport) and during World War II spent 18 months confined in internment camps in England and Canada. He learned only after the War that both of his parents had perished in Auschwitz. After earning physics degrees at the University of Toronto and at Harvard University, he rapidly emerged as a leader in bringing quantum theory to bear on problems in the electron theory of solids. Walter's devotion to basic scientific principles led to the density functional theory of electrons in solids and in chemical molecules in the 1960s. Thirty years later, once the vast importance of this theory had become clear, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery. In his later years Walter turned much of his attention to institution building and public affairs. He was the founding director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was deeply committed to the control of nuclear weapons, the development of renewable clean energy and the free exchange of knowledge among scientists throughout the world.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".