Comparisons of Modern U. S. and Canadian Malting Barley Cultivars with Those from Pre-Prohibition: III. Wort Sugar Production during Mashing
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wort sugars produced during Congress mashing of pre-Prohibition and modern barley genotypes were compared. Four of five modern cultivars were higher (P < 0.0001) in wort glucose production than six pre-Prohibition cultivars. Mean wort glucose levels of the five modern cultivars were higher (P values from 0.0002 to 0.0021) than that of the pre-Prohibition barleys. In contrast, maltose production was variable and there were no significant differences in mean levels in modern versus pre-Prohibition barley worts, although Manchuria (pre-Prohibition) and Tradition (modern) produced higher (P < 0.0001) levels than other genotypes. Wort maltotriose levels were also quite variable among genotypes, although were higher (P < 0.0001) in Harrington (modern) worts than all others at the end of mashing. By the end of mashing, pre-Prohibition and modern genotypes did not statistically differ in their mean levels of maltotriose (P = 0.514). Glucose equivalents from fermentable sugars (i.e., total glucose from glucose plus hydrolysis of maltose and maltotriose) followed almost an identical pattern as that for maltose. Levels of maltotetraose through maltoheptaose were variable in both pre-Prohibition and modern genotypes throughout mashing. However, these maltodextrins usually decreased rapidly in modern cultivars while they increased or decreased more slowly in pre-Prohibition genotypes. In general, maltotetraose through maltoheptaose were higher (P < 0.0001) in Hanna and Hannchen (pre-Prohibition) worts than in other worts. Sucrose levels were relatively constant during mashing of most pre-Prohibition and modern genotypes. Fructose levels increased throughout mashing for all genotypes. Mean wort fructose levels of modern barley genotypes were significantly higher than those for pre-Prohibition genotypes during most of mashing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it