Prevalence of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Children Associated with Acetaminophen: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acetaminophen is the most commonly used antipyretic in children. However, there are limited data assessing hypersensitivity reactions related to acetaminophen usage. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review to characterize reported reactions to acetaminophen in adults and children, and perform a meta-analysis to assess the prevalence of acetaminophen hypersensitivity in children with a suspected acetaminophen allergy. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of studies reporting hypersensitivity reactions to acetaminophen by searching 2 electronic databases. From the selected studies, we included those assessing the prevalence of acetaminophen hypersensitivity by performing oral challenge in our meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-five studies were included in the systematic review, assessing a total of 1,030 participants. Immediate (within 1 h of exposure) hypersensitivity reactions were reported in > 25% of the articles, while cutaneous nonimmediate reactions were similarly reported in about 25% of the articles. The remaining articles reported Steven-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, fixed drug eruptions, and cross-intolerance reactions. Five pediatric studies were included in our meta-analysis. The prevalence of acetaminophen hypersensitivity reaction among children undergoing oral challenge was 10.1% (95% confidence interval 4.5-15.5). CONCLUSION: Future studies assessing the risk of immediate and nonimmediate hypersensitivity reactions to acetaminophen and elucidating the mechanism of acetaminophen hypersensitivity reactions are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".