Alfvén waves in the auroral region, their Poynting flux, and reflection coefficient as estimated from Swarm observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The European Space Agency's Swarm constellation can measure electric field, magnetic field, and plasma density on board multiple satellites at altitudes of about 500 km. Based on the data set at high latitudes, we estimate Poynting flux and ionospheric reflection coefficients of Alfvén waves with scale sizes of about 10–100 km. The reflection coefficients are generally higher surrounding the cusp and auroral regions than in the polar cap and higher in the summer than in the winter hemisphere. In the summer (winter) hemisphere the reflection coefficients generally peak on the dayside (nightside). Distributions of the reflection coefficients are not controlled by those of in situ plasma density. Poynting flux of the Alfvén waves maximizes surrounding the cusp and near‐midnight auroral region with magnitudes approaching 1 mW/m2, which are consistent with previous magnetospheric observations. The observed Poynting flux is downward on average for both hemispheres, and the magnitudes do not exhibit clear hemispheric asymmetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".