Apelin-12 and its receptor as diagnostic biomarkers of childhood and adult diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
White adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ able to produce and release several bioactive adipokines, among them apelin, known as the ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. The apelin/APJ system, distributed in diverse periphery organ tissues, is mainly involved in insulin sensitivity, food intake, and in the pathomechanism of childhood obesity. It regulates cardiovascular development and function, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis glyco- and fat metabolism and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Apelin inhibits water intake and vasopressin production. Apelin is mainly expressed in the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, brain, heart, lung, testis, ovary, liver, placental tissue, mammary gland, and breast milk. This hormone is a key player in haemostasis with an ability to inhibit thrombin- and collagen-mediated platelet activation. The hepatic apelin/APJ system is markedly activated in progression of biliary atresia, especially in end-stage cirrhosis. In chronic heart failure plasma apelin concentrations are decreased and in patients with hypothyroidism are abnormally high. Apelin is a potential diagnostic marker for differentiating moyamoya disease and intracranial atherosclerosis and a novel biomarker for predicting type 2 diabetes in men. Children with primary hypertension show higher apelin concentration than healthy children. Apelin is implicated in the pathogenesis of childhood atopic asthma. In infants large for gestational age hiperapelinemia is noted. Apelin may function as a mitogenic agent for osteoblasts, may be involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy, retinal neovascularisation of retinopathy of prematurity, and have a diagnostic value in neonatal sepsis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.031 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".