261 Effects of extrusion and particle size on nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat millrun in growing pigs.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Particle size reduction and extrusion can increase the nutritional value of feedstuffs for pigs, but effects on wheat millrun are unclear. Thus, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, and AA, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and CP, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and GE of coarsely or finely ground wheat millrun that was extruded or non-extruded were evaluated in pigs. Wheat millrun was ground in a hammer mill, and either extruded (X115, Wenger, Sabetha, KS) or not. Samples were ground finely (non-extruded: 283 µm; extruded: 276 µm) or coarsely (non-extruded: 508 µm; extruded: 470 µm), and mixed with 50% wheat-soybean basal diet. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (36.4 ± 0.9 kg) were fed the 4 test diets, basal diet, and N-free diet at 2.8 × maintenance DE for six 9-d periods (5 d adaptation, 2 d feces and 2 d digesta collection) in a 6 × 6 Latin square. Wheat millrun data were analyzed as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using the MIXED model of SAS with extrusion and grinding as fixed effects, and pig and period as random effects. The 4 wheat millrun samples contained (DM basis) 18.2% CP, 13.9% ADF, and 4.6 Mcal/kg GE. Particle size and extrusion interacted (P < 0.05) for AID and SID of AA of wheat millrun. Extrusion increased (P < 0.05) the AID and SID of Lys and Ile (13–19%), and SID of Arg (6%) for coarsely, but not for finely ground wheat millrun. Coarse grinding increased (P < 0.05) AID and SID of Lys, Leu, Ile, and Arg of extruded wheat millrun (12–17%) compared with non-extruded. Extruding wheat millrun increased (P < 0.05) the AID of His (4.6%), Phe (3.9%), and Thr (6.9%); the SID of Phe (3.9%) and Thr (6.9%); the ATTD of DM (2.6%) and GE (2.4%), and DE value; and tended to increase (P < 0.10) the AID and SID of Met, compared with non-extruded. Coarsely grinding wheat millrun increased (P < 0.05) the AID of His (5.6%), Trp (11.7%), and Val (6.3%), and the SID of Trp (11.5%) and Val (6.0%) compared with finely ground wheat millrun. Extrusion increased AID of AA and ATTD of GE of wheat millrun, indicating that heat processing modified the physicochemical properties of its nutritional components making them more available to the pigs. Fine grinding decreased the nutritional value of wheat millrun.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".