256 Nutrient Digestibility of Extruded Canola Meal in Grower Pigs.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canola meal (CM) contains less CP and more fiber and anti-nutritional factors (ANF) such as glucosinolates than soybean meal, and has consequently a lower AA digestibility. Fiber and ANF may reduce DE value of CM and may interfere with digestion of other ingredient nutrients. Therefore, processing strategies that increase nutrient digestibility, and thereby increase the feeding value of CM, warrant study. This study assessed effects of extrusion of Brassica napus CM on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and GE, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and DE value. In a double 4 × 4 Latin square, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (68.1 ± 9.4 kg initial BW) were fed corn starch-based diets containing 50% CM, or extruded CM prepared using a single-screw extruder (X-115; Wenger, Sabetha, KS). Extruder intensity was low, medium or high according to extruder speed (250, 350, 450 rpm) and related mechanical energy. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA for diets was calculated by correcting AID for endogenous losses measured feeding an N-free diet. Data were analyzed using MIXED model of SAS with diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. Pig was the experimental unit. The CM samples contained 42.1-43.2% CP, 26.0-33.9% NDF, and 19.7-23.4% ADF. On DM basis, CM, extruded CM at low, medium or high extruder intensity contained 8.87, 7.84, 7.30 and 7.86 µmol/g total glucosinolates. The AID, ATTD, and hindgut fermentation (ATTD-AID) for DM, CP and GE was not affected (P>0.05) by extrusion intensity. The SID of Met for raw CM (88.18%) was lower (P<0.001) than that for extruded CM (91.80-92.69%), and SID of Trp for raw CM (86.41%) was lower (P<0.050) than that for CM with low (89.43%) or high-speed extrusion intensity (90.29%). Similarly, extrusion increased the SID of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Val of CM. In conclusion, extrusion increased SID of most indispensable AA of solvent-extracted CM by 3.09-5.32%, indicating that extruded CM contributed more dietary AA to the pig than CM. However, increased extruder speed, hence increased mechanical energy, did not affect SID of AA of CM in growing pigs. Finally, extrusion slightly reduced total glucosinolates content in CM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".