The Psychosocial Impact of Sports-Related Concussion in Elite Youth Ice Hockey Players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concussion can have adverse long term effects in the cognitive and behavioral development of children and adolescents. Research continues to highlight the fact that children and adolescents are more susceptible to concussion and take longer to recover from this injury. At present, there is a paucity of research evaluating the long-term effects of concussion in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the social, emotional, and behavioral functioning of elite youth ice hockey players at baseline and post-concussion. Participants included 76 elite youth ice hockey players between 13-17 years from Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta. Control participants were matched to injured players at the time of injury. Participants completed the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children, Self Report Questionnaire (BASC-2, Adolescent Form) at baseline and 7 days and 3 months post-concussion. The results of the first analysis which examined group changes in psychological functioning using a 2 x 3 (group-by-occasion) fixed effect ANOVA with repeated measures on the second factor showed no significant findings. Athletes in the concussed group were similar to the athletes in the non-injured control group on the 5 composites and 16 subscales of the BASC-2. Results examining change at the individual level using the Reliable Change Index (RCI) showed slightly more concussed athletes (15.8%) with both reliable worsening and clinically meaningful scores on the BASC-2 compared to control participants (10.5%) at 7-10 days post injury. However, at 3 months post injury, there was no difference, as 15.8% of concussed athletes and 15.8% of control participants showed both reliable worsening and clinically meaningful scores on the BASC-2. Although the findings are promising in suggesting a favorable psychological outcome for youth athletes after concussion, it is still important for clinicians to evaluate and monitor psychological functioning after injury, as some athletes may develop ongoing psychological concerns requiring intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".