Estimating earth loads on buried pipes under axial loading condition: insights from 3D discrete element analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The response of a buried pipe subjected to relative axial ground movement is investigated in this study using three-dimensional discrete element analysis. A discrete element model that is able to simulate the particulate nature of the granular material and the continuous nature of the pipe was developed. The micro-parameters of the model were calibrated using triaxial tests. The developed pipe–soil model was validated using experimental data and then used to calculate the pipe response to axial loading under varying soil conditions. A comparison was also made between the calculated response and the available closed-form solutions. Results indicated that, for pipes installed in dense sand, existing solutions may not properly account for the dilative behavior of the soil and hence underestimate the axial soil resistance. A parametric study was performed using the validated model to evaluate the factors controlling the axial soil resistance under these loading conditions. The contributing parameters are found to be the pipe diameter, burial depth, and soil properties. Results of the parametric study were used to develop an expression to estimate the earth pressure coefficient that reflects the dilative nature of the soil. An example is provided to illustrate the use of the proposed expression in estimating the maximum soil resistance to pullout loading.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".