New methods for monitoring neutral grounding resistors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical power systems control arcing current and electrical shock hazard by proper neutral grounding such as high resistance grounding. The high resistance neutral grounding resistors fail due to vibration, intermittent arcs, corrosion, etc. and cause the risk of the system being ungrounded, or solidly grounded. In this paper, two efficient solutions are introduced that provide continuous monitoring of such resistors installed at neutral of two most common configurations of the unit-connected generators. The first proposed method relies on the third harmonic of neutral and residual voltages, and the second technique employs the sub-harmonic injection based generator stator ground protection. The proposed methods show satisfying performance under different conditions of the resistor and generator, observed through comprehensive software analysis and further hardware validations. The first proposed monitoring method has been retrofitted to an industrial generator protection relay which no longer maloperates due to failed-short neutral grounding resistor. Proposed techniques can be incorporated into digital protective relays, which will monitor and alarm in case of the failed grounding resistor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".