Bibliographic record
Abstract
We often think about the challenge of translating literature in terms of form and content. Should one attempt to preserve the semantic content of, say, a Chinese poem in English translation, or should one attempt to replicate such formal devices as rhyme and rhythm? This form‐content way of thinking leads most accounts of global modernism and world literature to neglect the importance of literary theory. The failure to address the uses, translations, and adaptations of theory constitutes a blind spot in attempts to read modern and contemporary literature closely or distantly on a local or a global scale. I illustrate theory's crucial role in world literature through the work of two influential contemporary poet–translators: Chinese poet Bei Dao's 北島 use of Russian Formalist theory; and Anglo‐Canadian digital poet John Cayley's deployment of aesthetic theory derived from Huayan 華嚴 Buddhism. Both Bei Dao and Cayley adapt and develop theories that undermine the form/content and local/foreign dichotomies that still plague discussions of translation and comparative and world literature. Their examples suggest that in developing our own theories of world literature we should not simply recognize but also learn from the role of theory in literature's global circulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.019 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".