Mount Polley mine tailings : uptake and distribution of metals in lodgepole pine and bluebunch wheatgrass under controlled environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On August 4th, 2014, a partial breach of the Mount Polley Mine tailings storage facility (TSF) released over 4.6 million m³ of supernatant water, and 12.8 million m³ of slurry tailings (solids and interstitial water) into Polley lake and downstream of Hazeltine Creek into Quesnel Lake. The spill led to an enrichment of copper and selenium into the affected ecosystem. Concentrations of copper and vanadium in sandy and silty tailings exceeded provincial soil quality standards for the protection of parkland use. A study of potential toxicity of deposited tailings to plants was conducted to determine if the tailings material would support growth of plants representative of the biogeoclimatic zone; more specifically, the growth and uptake of metals in root and shoot tissue of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata). The greenhouse study identified physical growth-limiting factors of hexagonal closed packing and surface crusting in silty tailings. The Environment Canada (2007)-compliant 42-day growth chamber study found seedling emergence and survival not affected in plants growing in tailings or in copper-spiked greenhouse soils. Copper uptake was significant in roots and shoots of both species grown in tailings. Neither species survived in 115 mg/kg of copper-spiked sandy and silty substrates as a result of osmotic burning from the high salt index of copper sulfate. A separate 100-day growth chamber study found proportionally greater copper uptake in roots of lodgepole pine and in shoots of bluebunch wheatgrass compared to the 42-day study. Lodgepole pine and bluebunch wheatgrass each showed various qualitative signs of phytotoxicity. The presence of metals and their respective associations to one another in tailings may have profound implications on species-specific phytotoxicity otherwise not found in the studies conducted. Results of this study contributed to the shaping of future terrestrial restoration at Hazeltine Creek.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".