Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction parameters and characterization of phenolic compounds in Yellow European Plums
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Yellow European Plums (YEPs) are a rich source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, which can be obtained using microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE). During this study, two MAE experiments were performed to optimize MAE extraction parameters and the MAE process using YEPs. The first experiment was to determine the influence of independent variables such as solvent concentration (20, 60, and 100 %) and solid‐to‐solvent ratio (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/mL), on the yield of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), for ethanol and methanol, during MAE. Using a response surface methodology, the optimized extraction parameters for MAE were then found to be 60 % ethanol at a solid‐to‐solvent ratio of 0.1 g/mL. Using the optimized parameters from the first experiment, the second experiment evaluated the effect of microwave temperature (50, 60, 70 °C) and duration (5, 10, and 15 min) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP, using a face‐centered central composite design. Individual phenolic compounds, including ascorbic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid, were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. In the second experiment, it was observed that time and temperature had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds from four genotypes of YEPs. However, due to their diverse phenolic composition, there was not one optimal operating time and temperature suitable for all genotypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".