Infection status and risk factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude District in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa two years post-treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of praziquantel in children infected with Schistosoma haematobium over a 2-year period in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. METHODS: This cohort study enrolled 173 school-going children in September 2017 who had participated in a baseline survey conducted in 2015 in the Ndumo area. Questionnaire interviews were conducted to collect information on the risk factors related to the transmission of schistosomiasis. The filtration technique was performed to detect Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine. Infection intensity was classified as light or heavy. The Chi-square test was used to assess the associations between variables at the 95% confidence level, and p=0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Of the 173 participants screened 2 years post-treatment, 10 were infected. Six of these were new infection cases, while four were cases of re-infection. The intensity of infection had decreased significantly (p=0.001) at the time of the follow-up survey compared to the baseline survey. However, no significant difference was found among the risk factors for schistosomiasis 2 years later. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of S. haematobium had decreased significantly in the cohort at 2 years post praziquantel treatment, during a period of persistent drought in the area. Risk factors that were significantly associated with schistosomiasis at baseline were no longer significantly associated at 2 years following treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".