Dynamic properties of sand-EPS bead mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soils modified with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads are typically used as lightweight mixtures to solve many geotechnical challenges. In seismically active areas, understanding the relationship between dynamic properties and strain levels of such mixtures is important for geotechnical applications. The aim of the study is to evaluate the shear modulus and material damping of sand-EPS bead mixtures over a wide range of strains to provide a basis for evaluation of using such mixtures as seismic buffers behind earth retaining structures and for base isolation in seismic areas. Dynamic properties of sand-EPS bead mixtures are evaluated from resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests at small and large strains, respectively. Sand-EPS bead mixtures with varying EPS bead content, up to 2.5% by weight, have been tested at confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Results were analyzed to calculate the small-strain shear modulus, minimum damping ratio, shear modulus degradation curves, and damping curves. Results indicate a decrease in shear stiffness with increasing bead content at all strain levels. Material damping is relatively unaffected at small shear strains; however, it increases at larger strains. The dynamic testing performed yielded properties that can be reflected on applicability of the mixture in geotechnical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".