Failure of Fermi Level in Referencing Chemical Shift of Molecules on Solid Surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Core level chemical shifts using Fermi level as an orthodox reference level are extensively used to detect the forming/breaking of bonds (i.e., change in oxidation states) during chemical reactions and are broadly used as an experimental proof of charge transfers across organic interfaces by several research communities for many decades. Based on core level and valence photoemission experimental measurements a paradoxical relationship between core‐level shift and charge transfer is shown, demonstrating the failure of conventional practice of using Fermi level to measure chemical shifts of molecules on solid surfaces. Thus, great care needs to be taken when interpreting experimentally observed shifts in core level binding energies as well as assigning core level energy peaks associated with certain oxidation states. To resolve this paradoxical problem, it is shown that measurement of interface dipoles is essential in investigating the charge transfers of molecules to/from solid surfaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".