Error-related brain activity in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential following a mistake that is often increased in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The relationship of the ERN to comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) has not been examined in adolescents with OCD. This study compared ERN amplitudes in OCD patients with MDD (OCD + MDD), OCD patients without MDD (OCD - MDD), MDD patients, and healthy controls (HC). METHOD: The ERN, correct response negativity, and accuracy were measured during a flanker task to assess performance monitoring in 53 adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, 36 adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of MDD, and 89 age-matched HC of 13-18 years. Fourteen OCD patients had a history of MDD. RESULTS: ERN amplitude was significantly increased in OCD patients compared to HC and significantly correlated in OCD patients with age at OCD symptom onset, particularly in the OCD - MDD patients. The ERN was significantly enlarged in OCD + MDD patients compared to HC, but not in MDD patients compared to HC. There was a trend for an increased ERN amplitude in OCD - MDD patients compared to HC. OCD patients were significantly less accurate than either MDD patients or HC. CONCLUSIONS: An enlarged ERN is a neural correlate of adolescent OCD that is associated with age at OCD symptom onset. Adolescents with OCD may have impaired cognitive control on a flanker task. Follow-up studies with larger samples may determine whether an enlarged ERN in adolescents with OCD is associated with a higher risk for MDD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".