Genetic Variability in the Hop-Tolerance <i>horC</i> Gene of Beer-Spoiling Lactic Acid Bacteria
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
horC is often targeted in rapid molecular tests for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) beer-spoilage ability. Discovery of a 27 bp horC deletion in a LAB unable to spoil beer led us to examine 27 horC+ isolates across two LAB genera and seven species to assess horC conservation. Nineteen (70%) of the isolates had the gap, with eight (30%) additionally containing a 3 bp gap yielding a cysteine excision and 14 conserved amino acid substitutions, thus defining three horC orthologs. Pediococcus-specific horC point mutations were also found. horC could not be sequenced in four cases (15%), pointing to horC paralog(s) indistinguishable by the original multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In contrast, the sequence of the putative horC transcriptional regulator horB was uniformly conserved, suggesting horB is essential for horC function. Modeling of protein structure and hop-compound binding revealed the horC orthologs produce proteins with similar function. Transcriptional analysis, however, found that between and within orthologs, horC expression was not proportional to the hops level present. Transcription analysis also suggested that horB repressed horC in the absence of hops. Thus, it is concluded that different horC orthologs are not uniformly active in response to hops, and targeting short gene sequences during PCR testing for LAB beer-spoilage potential is problematic.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it