A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herein, the cleptoparasitic (cuckoo) bee genusEpeolus(Hymenoptera: Apidae) is revised for species occurring in North America, north of Mexico, and an updated checklist of all species known to occur in Canada and the United States of America is provided with comprehensive descriptions, diagnoses, and a single dichotomous key (using the same couplets for both sexes) to aid in their identification. To increase their recognition among North American naturalists, English common names are also proposed for all North AmericanEpeolus. A total of 43 species is confirmed as present in the region, 15 of which are newly recognized. The following new species are proposed based on unique morphological (and in most cases also molecular) attributes:E.andriyisp. n.,E.attenboroughisp. n.,E.axillarissp. n.,E.basilisp. n.,E.brumleyisp. n.,E.chamaesarachaesp. n.,E.deyrupisp. n.,E.diadematussp. n.,E.ferrariisp. n.,E.gibbsisp. n.,E.inornatussp. n.,E.nebulosussp. n.,E.packerisp. n.,E.splendidussp. n., andE.tessierissp. n.Of the 15, six (E.axillaris,E.brumleyi,E.chamaesarachae,E.diadematus,E.splendidus, andE.tessieris) were identified as new species under different names (nomina nuda) in an M.Sc. thesis by Richard L. Brumley in 1965, but until now they have not been formally described. Detailed morphological comparisons with some evidence from DNA barcoding support the following synonymies, one of whichCwas first proposed by Brumley (1965): a)E.melectimimusCockerell and Sandhouse,syn.n., underE.asperatusCockerell; b)E.crucisCockerell,syn.n., underE.compactusCresson; c)E.mesillaepalmarumLinsley,syn.n., underE.mesillae(Cockerell); and d)E.weemsiMitchell,syn.n., and e)E.vernalisMitchell,syn.n., underE.ilicisMitchell. Only one member of the almost entirely Neotropical “Trophocleptria group” (EpeolusbifasciatusCresson) is confirmed as occurring north of Mexico, and is widespread East of the Rocky Mountains. Known floral associations are indicated for each species, as are suspected or known host species ofColletesLatreille. Evidence is presented that suggests further investigation into the possible synonymy ofColleteswickhamiTimberlake underC.scopiventerSwenk is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".