Exploring Psychological Outcomes of Sport Concussion in Elite Athletes and their Parents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At present, there is a paucity of research evaluating the long-term effects of concussion in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial functioning of elite youth ice hockey players with a history of concussion. Further, this study investigated parent report and explored the level of agreement between parent and player report on a measure of psychosocial functioning. Participants included 492 elite youth male and female ice hockey players between the ages of 13 and 17 years from Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta. Control participants included players with a history of muscular skeletal (MSK) injuries and players with a history of no injuries. Players completed the Behavior Assessment Scale for Children, Self Report Questionnaire (BASC-2, Adolescent Form) and parents completed the BASC-2 Parent Report Scale at baseline. Results from the first analysis, which examined differences between players with a history of concussion, a history of MSK injuries and a history of no injuries using a MANOVA, indicated that players with a history of concussion reported a greater level of difficulty on the attention subscale in comparison to MSK controls [F(3, 487) = 3.26, p = .022, partial η2 = .020]. The next analysis examined individuals with a history of concussion closer and indicated that players with a history of two or more concussions were experiencing greater difficulties on the depression [F(2, 488) = 4.10, p = .017, partial η2 = .017] , attention [F(2, 488) = 4.00, p = .019, partial η2 = .016] and hyperactivity [F(5, 484) = 1.67, p = .014, partial η2 = .017] subscales in comparison to players with a history of no concussions. Parent report indicated no differences in reporting regardless of concussion or injury history [F(15, 1328) = .692, p = .789, partial η2 = .007]. The last analysis evaluated the level of agreement between player and parent report using paired samples t tests and correlations. Results indicated agreement on parent and player report of attention [t(127) = -0.068, p = .946] for those players with a history of concussion. Further, there was agreement on the depression [t(32) = -.645, p = 0.524] subscale if the player had experienced a history of two or more concussions. However, within the overall sample there was a low level of agreement between player and parent report. Overall, the results of the study suggest that players with a history of multiple concussions may experience subtle psychosocial difficulties that are recognizable by parents under some circumstances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".