The Distance of the SNR CTB 109/AXP 1E 2259+586:Is there a real interaction between CTB 109 and adjacent/adjoining clouds?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We revise the distance estimate to the supernova remnant (SNR) G109.1-1.0 (CTB 109) and its associated anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 1E 2259+586 by re-analyzing both 408 and 1420 MHz continuum images, 21 cm HI absorption/emission spectra and $^{12}$CO emission spectra of CTB 109 and an adjacent compact HII region Sh 152, using the data from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey. The HI images show that CTB 109 is morphologically located inside a shell in HI emission in the velocity range -61 to -70 km/s. Such a shell is likely blown by a stellar wind. The relation is supported by newly detected HI absorption features between $\sim$ -61 km/s and -66 km/s, which are in the direction of the bright radio continuum emission within the north shell of CTB 109. We therefore give a distance of $\sim$ 6 kpc to CTB 109, which is consistent with the distance of AXP 1E 2259+586 derived by the red clump stars method. The distance of $\sim$ 6 kpc to the SNR/AXP system argues against a SNR/CO cloud interaction and instead favors a SNR/HI cloud interaction. The large distance argues for an anomalously large explosion energy which might be expected by a magnetar (AXP 1E 2259+586) harboring at the center of CTB 109.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".