Delayed onset of persistent discogenic axial and radiating pain after a single-level lumbar intervertebral disc injury in mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is associated with both axial discomfort and radiating leg pain. Although intervertebral discs are suspected as the source of pain in some individuals, the relationship between disc degeneration and back pain remains controversial. The goals of this study were to investigate the long-term impact of L4/L5 disc puncture on disc degeneration and the subsequent emergence, persistence, and underlying mechanisms of axial and radiating LBP in mice. L4 to L5 discs were punctured on the ventral aspect with a 30 gauge needle in 3-month old female CD1 mice, and the development of behavioral signs of axial discomfort (tail suspension and grip force), radiating hypersensitivity (von Frey and acetone), and motor impairment (rotarod) were monitored. Disc degeneration was assessed using X-ray, T2-magnetic resonance imaging, and histology, and persisted for up to 1 year. Innervation was quantified by immunohistochemistry using the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5. Behavioural signs of axial discomfort peaked 3 to 9 months after injury. During the peak, local nerve density was increased. A transient increase in hypersensitivity to cold, suggestive of radiating pain, was observed 2 weeks after injury. Radiating pain then reemerged 9 to 12 months after injury in half the animals and correlated with increased dorsal innervation and reduced disc height at these late time points. In summary, a single-level disc injury is sufficient to induce prolonged disc degeneration and delayed axial and radiating pain. This model will be useful to investigate underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for discogenic LBP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".