USE OF UNSAFE TEETHING REMEDIES IN A MID-SIZE CITY: A SURVEY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Various remedies are available to parents for relieving teething symptoms in their infants and toddlers. Some remedies, such as amber necklaces, have no evidence of their efficacy, yet are being widely marketed and increasingly used across North America. On the contrary, teething necklaces are unsafe, corroborated by recent reports of suffocation accidents and death attributed to their use. There is no published literature on the prevalence of teething remedies and what may determine parents’ choices. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess the prevalence of unsafe teething remedies, especially teething necklaces. The secondary objective was to determine any association between the use of unsafe teething remedies and (a) socioeconomic status (SES), and (b) maternal education. DESIGN/METHODS Children aged 12–18 months in a mid-sized Canadian city visiting their primary care providers for routine well-baby checks were included. Children aged <12 or >18 months and those with chronic medical conditions were excluded. Parents completed a survey about their child’s teething symptoms and the remedies used to relieve them. Unsafe remedies were based on recommendations published by the Canadian Paediatric Society and American Academy of Pediatrics. They included oral-numbing gels, necklaces (Amber and Hazelwood), and liquid-containing teething rings. RESULTS Out of 130 surveys, 123 were included for statistical analysis due to missing data. Mean (SD) infant age was 14.47 (2.56) months, and mean (SD) age at first tooth was 6.92 (2.00) months. Overall, 98% of families used teething remedies with 67% of them using unsafe remedies. Of these families, 27% used Amber and 5% used Hazelwood necklaces. 28% of families used more than one unsafe remedy. No significant correlations were found between unsafe remedy use and SES or maternal education. However, a significant negative correlation was noted between SES and use of oral-numbing gels (Spearman’s rho = -0.23, p=0.01). CONCLUSION This study showed that a majority of parents are using unsafe teething remedies for their infants including Amber teething necklaces, despite lack of evidence to support their efficacy and recommendations against their use. Use of unsafe teething remedies transcends SES and education level. With recent reports of child injury and death associated with their use, the findings of this survey support the need for a new approach to parental education about the safety of teething remedies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".