Sustainability Assessment of Renewable Energy in the United States, Canada, the European Union, China, and the Russian Federation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biomass is the oldest resource of energy for humans, and its use could slow the depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves and enable the development of sustainable energy and the chemical industry. The sustainability of the replacement of natural gas, crude oil, and coal with corn-based bioethanol was assessed by using the ethanol equivalents (EE) of fossil fuel resources used in the United States, Canada, the European Union, China, and the Russian Federation in 2008–2014. The calculations were based on first generation corn-based bioethanol technology as commercially practiced in the United States in 2008. Based on the EE2.3 values, the required volume of corn and the corresponding size of land were calculated and compared with the actual lands used for corn production, which is only enough to replace one-sixth of the fossil fuel resources in the United States, European Union, and China and practically insufficient in Canada and the Russian Federation. Until the utilization of electricity becomes practical and economical in aviation, biomass-based liquid fuels could be the sustainable alternative. The assessment of the replacement of natural gas, crude oil, and coal-based energy with renewable energy in these countries in 2008–2014 shows that a significant increase in the renewable energy portfolio is required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".