Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper aims to explore internationalization of universities in the context of the political economy, that is, as part of a broader neoliberal transformation of the global economy characterized by individual entrepreneurial freedom and marketization of society (Bourdieu, 1998; Giroux, 2014; Harvey, 2005; Olssen, 2004; Saunders, 2010). Drawing from an on-going 2 year ethnographic study on internationalization of Korean and Chinese universities, this presentation examines how internationalization is a socially significant way of thinking about students as potential workers in relation to a neoliberal ideology which constructs individuals as human capital made up of bundles of skills. In this context, acquisition of language as commodified skills, as a resource with exchange value, constitutes a crucial component of the neoliberal regime of human capital development (Holborow, 2015; Park, 2011). Yet, language education research has been scarce on its active engagement with and critique of neoliberalism within the confines of the neoliberal restructuring of the universities. The analysis examines how language learning of the international students, increasingly subject to the logic of the market capitalism, not only reflects neoliberal social transformations but also reinforces them. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for international education in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".