Effects Of Boxing Training On Cognitive And Physical Function In Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Boxing training is a community based exercise program incorporating high intensity exercise for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A 90 min boxing session consists of performing footwork to improve balance and agility, performing punching combinations to develop coordination, and engaging in vocal exercises to strengthen the voice. Flexibility exercises are performed to reduce muscle rigidity. Core strengthening and weight lifting exercises are performed to strengthen muscles. Long-term benefits of boxing training include improvements in gait, balance, activities of daily living, and quality of life. An immediate effect of this nontraditional form of exercise on cognitive function, strength, and fall risk has not been explored. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate the immediate effect of a single boxing training session on cognitive and physical function in patients with PD. The hypothesis was that cognitive function, fall risk, and functional strength would improve immediately following a boxing training session. METHODS Cognitive function was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The MoCA assesses attention, concentration, executive function, orientation, language, memory, conceptual thinking, and calculation. The physical function tests included an assessment of fall risk with the Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) test. The Sit-to-Stand (STS) test was used to assess functional strength. Measurements were performed before and immediately after the boxing session. RESULTS Participants were male and female persons with PD (N = 13) with a mean age of 70 (±8.2) years, who attended a mean of 2.5 (±0.7) boxing sessions weekly. Mean body mass index was 31.1 (±7.0) kg[BULLET OPERATOR]m-2. The MoCA score increased from pre (24.2 ± 3.8) to post (25.7 ± 4.4) boxing session, t(12) = -2.9, p =.01. TUG times did not statistically improve from pre (7.8 s ±2.2) to post (7.4 s ± 2.4) exercise, t(12) = 1.6, p = .13. Participants were able to perform more chair stands after (18.31 ± 6.61) compared to before the training session (16.4 ± 6.4), t(12) = 2.4, p = .03. CONCLUSION An improvement in cognitive and physical function was observed following a single session of boxing training in patients with PD. Performing a single boxing session may lead to improved cognitive function and functional strength throughout the day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".