Synergistic Effect of Phosphine and Carbon Dioxide on the Mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Paddy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is widely used as a fumigant for the control of stored product pests. Indiscriminate use of PH3 leads to the development of resistant strains. Thus, an experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale fumigation chamber to determine the synergistic effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) and PH3 on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum during fumigation of paddy. PH3 gas generation varies depending upon grain moisture content and dosage of PH3 used for fumigation treatment. Thus, the maximum PH3 concentration with respect to saturation time was achieved when paddy were treated with 98% CO2 + 3 ppmPH3 at 17% moisture content, leading to a quick mortality of different life stages of T. castaneum with minimum LT50 and LT99 value. Among the different stages of T. castaneum, pupal stage was more resistant to all the treatments compared to larva and adult stages. PH3 residues in all the treatments were below the recommended level and it can be considered as safe for consumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".