Iron and NOM interactions in GAC groundwater treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This research work investigates the iron chromatographic displacement from the granular activated carbon (GAC) columns that occurred in the Vars, Ontario groundwater treatment plant. Natural organic matter (NOM) (XAD-8) fractionation showed that 30% of NOM was hydrophobic with the capability of forming complexes with iron. CHELEX-100 isolation indicated that 37–40% of the iron was organically-bound. The quantification of complexed iron performed on GAC microcolumn effluent at iron exhaustion point showed that this iron was neither adsorbed nor split from NOM. This indicates that NOM–iron complexes were not the cause of the observed chromatographic displacement of iron and suggests that competitive adsorption between iron and NOM forced the previously adsorbed iron to be desorbed. Adding greensand treatment prior to the GAC columns resulted in full iron removal, which suggests that NOM–iron complexes must have been either broken by potassium permanganate oxidation and/or adsorbed by the greensand filter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".