Biofilm formation by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> in aqueous extract of schmutzdecke for clarifying untreated water in water treatment operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT AIMS To determine the effect of aqueous extract of schmutzdecke on adhesion and biofilm formation by three isolates of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) under laboratory conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Strains of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in aqueous extract of schmutzdecke were subjected to adhesion tests on two topologically different substrata i.e. aluminium and stainless steel coupons. Biofilm formation was then monitored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plates. All the three strains adhered onto both coupons, howbeit greatly on aluminium than stainless steel. In the PVC plates, however, all strains developed biofilms which were observed by spectrophotometric analysis. CONCLUSIONS The environmental isolates of Map attained higher cell proliferation in both filtered and unfiltered aqueous extracts of schmutzdecke (FAES and UAES respectively) compared with the human isolate. Furthermore, the results showed that irrespective of the media used, Map might have developed biofilm by its genetic competence to do so under favourable conditions that the immediate environment might have provided. Significance and impact of the study Composites of the schmutzdecke which is the dirty layer formed within 10 to 20 days of operation of a slow sand filter bed had a proliferative effect on Map. Therefore when entrapped, Map could form a biofilm and access human populations through potable water. Therefore, schmutzdecke should be monitored and scraped periodically to curtail its support for environmentally persistent pathogens that can pose health risks to humans. Highlights Schmutzdecke; a reservoir of nutrient composites atop slow sand filter bed Adhesion by Map on aluminium and stainless steel coupons was achieved Map strains from water sources developed biofilms better than the human strain In distilled water, biofilm formation by all strains was evident Protracted build-up of schmutzdecke may proliferate waterborne pathogens
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".