Optimization of the photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 for the degradation of methyl orange
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Methyl orange, a well-known detrimental azo dye, is treated by N-doped TiO 2 photocatalyst synthesized by the simple and effective annealing method. In this study, the effects of light intensity in terms of irradiance by the number of lamps, photon energy and radiation sources, the initial concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), and pH on the degradation efficiency of methyl orange are investigated. A four-factor Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology is used to maximize the removal of TOC and color. Statistical models are developed to predict both color and TOC removals as response variables. In all cases, the light intensity and TOC concentration cross-factor interaction with the light wavelength is intensified when the latter is at the lowest range value while pH does not require adjustments. Maximum TOC and color removals of 96.11% and 98.18%, respectively, were achieved at the optimum operating conditions of light intensity in terms of five lamps, light wavelength of 418 nm (visible light range), initial TOC concentration of 10.54 mg/L, and pH of 6.66. The model was validated by an additional experiment at the optimal operating conditions. The agreement between experimental values and model predictions demonstrate the proposed models could effectively describe the degradation of azo dyes by photocatalysis using the N-doped TiO 2 composite under visible light.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it