Proinflammatory CX3CR1+CD59+Tumor Necrosis Factor–Like Molecule 1A+Interleukin‐23+ Monocytes Are Expanded in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis and Modulate Innate Lymphoid Cell 3 Immune Functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Gut‐derived innate lymphoid cell 3 ( ILC 3) has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis ( AS ). CX 3 CR 1+ mononuclear phagocytes ( MNP s) have been demonstrated to modulate ILC 3 function in the gut. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of proinflammatory CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ MNP s in modulating ILC 3 function in AS patients. Methods MNP subsets in the blood of AS patients and controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. The presence of CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ cells in tissue was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Expression of the proinflammatory chemokines CX 3 CL 1 and CCL 2 and decoy receptor 6 (DcR‐6) was analyzed. Peripheral CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ cells were cocultured with ILC 3, and changes in their frequency were evaluated by flow cytometry. Transcriptome analysis of circulating CX 3 CR 1+ monocytes was also performed. Results DcR‐6 deficiency and CCL 2 overexpression were observed in inflamed tissues from AS patients. In the gut, the proinflammatory CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ MNP population was expanded, correlated with the presence of bacteria, and produced high levels of tumor necrosis factor–like molecule 1A ( TL 1A) and interleukin‐23 ( IL ‐23). MNP s positive for CD 11b, CD 11c, and major histocompatibility complex class II , predominantly expressing CX 3 CR 1, were also expanded in the small intestines of treatment‐naive SKG relative to BALB /c mice. The frequency of gut‐derived CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ CCR 9+ TL 1A+ IL ‐23+ MNP s was significantly higher in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of AS patients than controls. CCR 9+ CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ monocytes were also expanded in AS synovial and bone marrow samples. Transcriptome analysis of isolated CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ monocytes demonstrated a specific proinflammatory profile in AS . Isolated proinflammatory CX 3 CR 1+ CD 59+ MNP s from AS patients induced the expansion and activation of ILC 3. Conclusion Proinflammatory CX 3 CR 1+
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".