Bibliographic record
Abstract
When crude oil is extracted, it must somehow be transported from the drilling site to a refinery. Such transport can either be by pipeline or by ship when the drilling site is offshore. It is very unlikely that a refinery will be built in Greenland. With the Greenlandic geography in mind, it is self-evident that the transport of the crude oil must be made by ship (i.e. most likely by shuttle tanker), and indeed over quite a distance in waters that can often be harsh. The transport of the oil bears with it a risk of pollution that is separate and different from the risk of pollution from the actual oil extraction. Thus, a shuttle tanker may incur an incident which can lead to an oil spill. Given the size of shuttle tankers, such an oil spill can be massive and have devastating effects. The transport of the oil is an indispensable part of the whole enterprise of producing oil commercially. Therefore it is also regulated in the Greenlandic model licence for exploitation of oil and as such form part of the activities encompassed by the licence. At the same time, the tanker owner and operator will most often be a separate and independent entity which has nothing to do with the other activities under the licence (i.e. the actual oil extraction). Furthermore, in maritime law international regimes regarding liability for oil pollution from tankers have been developed and they do not deal with oil production activities at all, but rather with the liability of the tanker owner and operator. Consequently, an oil pollution stemming from a tanker transporting crude oil may be subject to rules on pollution set out in legislation regarding marine environment protection, in maritime law legislation, in mineral resources legislation and in regulation in the licence for exploitation of oil, the nature of which as a contract or an administrative act can be discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".