Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the complex relationship between the concepts of female sexuality, security state, and militarised cultures and spaces as reflected in the cases of three women who are subjected to sexual violence and/or rape during the 2011 revolutions in Egypt and Libya. The three women are Egyptian Samira Ibrahim, who goes through humiliating virginity tests by army forces while in detention, South African Lara Logan, a CBS correspondent who is gang-raped in Tahrir Square in 2011, and Libyan Eman al-Obeidi, who is gang-raped by security forces during the 2011 Libyan revolution. Ibrahim, al-Obeidi, and Logan exceptionally and courageously speak about their sexual abuse at varying degrees of risk. While Ibrahim sues the Egyptian army for ‘virginity tests’, al-Obeidi escapes Libya to stay as a refugee in Canada. Logan’s case brings up controversial opinions of women as endangering their safety by working in dangerous professions like (war) journalism. This article argues that sexual violence against Ibrahim, al-Obeidi, and Logan is part of a dominant security state concept in Egypt and Libya that militarises and politicises public spaces, legalising state violence and individual vulnerability. Yet, women’s participation in protest spaces deconstructs these hegemonic practices of security oppression in Egypt and Libya.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.064 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".