A Little Place in the (Next) Country: Negotiating Nature and Nation in 1970s Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay examines the Ontario government's efforts to ban the sale of recreational property to Americans during the 1970s. In a country where wilderness has traditionally been central to national identity, the summer home has long enjoyed iconic status within media reports and popular culture. Claims that the family cottage is a symbol of Canada have concealed two competing views regarding the meaning and purpose of Ontario's cottage country, however. While some people have believed that access to Ontario summer homes is an entitlement specifically reserved for Canadians, others have felt that cottaging in the province should be open to all people of sufficient means, irrespective of citizenship. The incompatibility of these two perspectives became clear during the 1970s, when dwindling natural resources turned the fate of cottage country into a heated political issue. Amidst heightened Canadian patriotism, a rising environmental movement, and widespread concerns over American imperialism, the Ontario government passed new laws that preserved cottage lands for Canadian citizens. While these policy changes defused the political controversy, they ignored the economic barriers that most limited Canadians' access to their national wilderness. Abstract: Le present article examine les efforts deployes par le gouvernement ontarien pour interdire la vente de biens-fonds de loisir aux Americains dans les annees 1970. Dans un pays ou les regions sauvages ont traditionnellement defini l'identite nationale, la residence estivale a joui pendant longtemps d'un statut iconique dans les rapports des medias et au sein de la culture populaire. Les allegations voulant que le chalet familial soit un symbole du Canada ont toutefois camoufle deux points de vue concurrents sur la raison d'etre et la signification de la region des chalets de l'Ontario. Tandis que certaines personnes croyaient que l'acces aux residences familiales ontariennes etait un droit specifiquement reserve aux Canadiens, d'autres croyaient que tout le monde pouvant se le permettre devrait avoir droit a ce plaisir, quelle que soit leur citoyennete. L'incompatibilite de ces deux points de vue a ete mise en evidence au cours des annees 1970 lorsque la diminution des ressources naturelles a suscite des debats politiques passionnes au sujet de la region des chalets. Face a un fort patriotisme canadien, a un mouvement environnemental et a des preoccupations generalisees concernant l'imperialisme americain, le gouvernement ontarien a adopte de nouvelles lois qui preservaient les terrains de chalets pour les citoyens canadiens. Bien que ces changements de politiques aient attenue la controverse politique, ils n'ont pas tenu compte des barrieres economiques qui limitaient plus que toute autre chose l'acces des Canadiens a leurs espaces sauvages nationaux.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.049 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".