‘Otter, come out!’: taking away the stone on the southernmost Italian<i>Lutra lutra</i>population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although Italy is among the European countries with the highest number of threatened species, since the turn of the twenty-first century some flagship species, such as Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and wolf Canis lupus, have started to recover. Since 2003 the otter has been newly recorded on the Sila Massif (S. Italy), where it had been reported to have gone extinct in the 1980s. With the aim of outlining the actual range of this population, in 2014–2017 we monitored otter occurrence on eight major rivers. Spraint surveys were carried out on 18–23 sampling stretches every July. Seven stations (Rivers Savuto and Neto-Lese) showed 75–100% positive surveys, while otters were recorded only once at three of the rivers. Monitoring allowed identifying in the catchments of the Rivers Savuto and Neto, which flow on opposite sides of the Sila Massif, otter core population at the southern edge of its Italian range. We assessed the exceptionality of the recent sightings using a surprise index based on the time distribution of pre-disappearance otter records. Analyses suggest that the otter persisted in the area and went unrecorded during the national survey carried out in 1983–1985, stressing the need for further monitoring at national scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".