Agility of Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Compared with Normal Controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Motor delay (MD) has been shown in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), such as agility. Agility is involved in everyday movements and is essential to the development of sports skills. Recent imaging studies have shown delayed of the cerebral cortex development of near three years in children with ADHD, which could explain MD. This study aims to evaluate Agility in ADHD male adolescents compare to normal controls, group-matched for age. Moreover, if MD in agility is still observable in ADHD, to determine which group age they can be compared with. METHODS: This study included 40 adolescents; 20 with ADHD (ADHD-gr; age 13.8 ± 0.9 yr) and 20 normal controls (Control-gr; age 13.5 ± 1.0 yr). First, both groups were compared using the UQAC-UQAM Gross motor tests battery for agility: Shuttle, Circle, Side-stepping, and Slalom run. Agility scores (sec.) were compared between groups using One-way ANOVA. Then, descriptive comparisons were performed using results of the 50th percentile in 8 yr children (P50-8) and in 12 yr (P50-12) for each agility tests. RESULTS: Adolescents with ADHD were significantly slower when compared to control in Shuttle Run (11.2 ± 1.3 vs. 6.6 ± 3.1 sec., p<0.001) and Circle Run (22.3 ± 2.9 vs. 19.5 ± 2.2 sec., p<0.001). Results tending to be slower for Side-stepping, and Slalom Run but did not reach significance. When compared to norms across age group, ADHD-gr scores (sec.) were aligned to P50-8 and slower then P50-12 for all agility tests. However, as expected, the scores (sec.) of Control-gr, were aligned or better to P50-12. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, motor delay in agility is still observable in a group of adolescents with ADHD. It seems to have a delay of about 5 years between groups (ADHD vs Control) for all tests measuring agility. Further research is needed to clarify motor delay in adolescents with ADHD for all determinants of gross motor skills (agility, coordination, segmental velocity, balance, and reaction time).Table: No title available.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".