Citizenship by descent: how Canada’s one-generation rule fails to comply with international legal norms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since 1947, the Canadian Citizenship Act has set out the laws that determine eligibility for Canadian citizenship. Throughout the Act’s various enactments, the Canadian government has recognised the right to citizenship by descent, meaning the right for a Canadian citizen to pass on his/her citizenship status to his/her child born outside of Canada. Citizenship by descent is a commonly recognised path to citizenship in many countries. Canada has recently changed its approach to citizenship by descent and has imposed a one-generation rule. This article examines the history of citizenship by descent, the current regime governing this type of citizenship acquisition and then examines how these laws comply with Canada’s international legal obligations and the rule of law. Ultimately, the article argues that Canada’s new approach to citizenship by descent has the potential to render children stateless, thus violating international law and the rule of law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.049 | 0.033 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".