Field trial to evaluate the effect of an intranasal respiratory vaccine protocol on calf health, ultrasonographic lung consolidation, and growth in Holstein dairy calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the effect of a vaccine protocol using a commercially available trivalent vaccine designed for intranasal use. Experimental challenge studies have demonstrated varying efficacies of vaccines administered via the intranasal route. A total of 468 calves from 3 herds were enrolled and randomized into 3 treatment groups (positive control, PC, n = 211; intranasal vaccine, IN, n = 215; negative control, NC, n = 42) and followed for 8 to 12 wk. The PC consisted of one dose of commercially available multivalent injectable vaccine against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, and bovine viral diarrhea administered subcutaneously at 6 wk of age. The IN was administered at enrollment and 6 wk of age, and contained antigen against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and parainfluenza 3. The NC was sterile saline administered intranasally and subcutaneously at enrollment and 6 wk of age. Clinical illness was assessed using systematic respiratory scoring, and thoracic ultrasonography was used to identify the lung consolidation associated with pneumonia. Rib fractures were identified in 6% of calves, and an association was observed between rib fractures and calving ease. Overall, 54% of the calves had at least one episode of an abnormal respiratory score (ILL). Vaccination protocol did not affect the occurrence of ILL. Similarly, 54% of the calves had at least one episode of lung consolidation ≥3 cm (CON). Vaccine protocol affected the odds of CON. The odds of CON in PC were 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-2.56) times the odds of CON in IN, and 0.38 (95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.93) times the odds of CON in NC. The odds of CON in IN were 0.23 (95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.59) times the odds of CON in NC. The outcomes ILL and CON were associated; however, the measure of agreement was only fair (kappa = 0.38). Multivariable linear regression revealed an interaction between vaccine protocol and herd on average daily gain (ADG); therefore, these data were stratified. In herd 1, IN (0.53 ± 0.03 kg/d) decreased ADG compared with PC (0.63 ± 0.03 kg/d). In herd 2, IN increased ADG (0.41 ± 0.03 kg/d) compared with PC (0.38 ± 0.03 kg/d). In contrast, none of the protocols affected ADG at herd 3. In conclusion, this commercially available trivalent IN vaccine protocol did not alter the incidence of ILL, reduced the risk of lung lesions associated with pneumonia, and improved the ADG of the calves in one of the commercial study herds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".