Luminescent protein staining with Re(<scp>i</scp>) tetrazolato complexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within the general framework of our past and current studies dealing with the investigation of the photophysical properties and the biological behavior of the family of tetrazolato and tetrazole Re(i) complexes, we have endeavored to investigate their potential in the luminescent staining of proteins purified by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the aim to provide the first examples of luminescent Re(i) complexes to be exploited for this specific purpose, we have designed and prepared four new Re(i)-based species with the general formula fac-[Re(CO)3(N^N)(Tph)]2-/0, where Tph is the 5-(phenyl)tetrazolato anion and N^N is in turn represented by bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPS), bathocuproine disulfonate (BCS) or by the SO3- free bathocuproine (BC). In this latter case, the neutral complex fac-[Re(CO)3(BC)(Tph)] served as a model species for the characterization of the former disulfonate complexes. Its cationic analogue fac-[Re(CO)3(BC)(Tph-Me)]+ was also prepared by a straightforward methylation reaction. All complexes displayed bright phosphorescence in organic media and, relative to their water solubility, the dianionic species fac-[Re(CO)3(BPS)(Tph)]2- and fac-[Re(CO)3(BCS)(Tph)]2- were also highly emissive in aqueous solution. The sulfonate groups played a key role in promoting and significantly enhancing the luminescent staining performances of both the Re(i) complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(BPS)(Tph)]2- and fac-[Re(CO)3(BCS)(Tph)]2- for proteins. Highlighting a response superior to that of Coomassie Blue and comparable to the one obtained by the well-known silver staining method, these dianionic Re(i)-complexes could efficiently detect up to 50 ng of pure Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), as well as all proteins found in a Standard Protein Marker mix and from a total protein extract. A lower but still good response for luminescent protein staining was surprisingly obtained by employing the -SO3- free neutral and cationic complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(BC)(Tph)] and fac-[Re(CO)3(BC)(Tph-Me)]+, respectively. These preliminary results open up new possibilities for the further widening of the use of Re(i)-based complexes as luminescent protein staining agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".