Hypoglycemia and Glycemic Variability in Singaporean Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tight glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is limited by hypoglycemia, while glycemic variability (GV) confers independent risk for the development of diabetes-related complications. We aimed to establish the values for indices of hypoglycemia and GV in T1D Singaporean subjects. One-hundred and thirty one subjects (73% Chinese, 11% Malay, 12% Indian; 48% male) were recruited from a single center. Eighty subjects submitted glucose records performed over 4 weeks. Ryan lability index and HYPO score were calculated in subjects with at least 3 glucose readings/day. Key characteristics, indices of hypoglycemia and GV are summarized in the table. Hypo score and LBGI were significantly correlated (r=0.63). ADRR and mLI correlated with each other (r=0.79), and with LI (ADRR r=0.72, mLI r=0.93), S.D.(r=0.78 and 0.79), %CV (r=0.45 and 0.56) and HbA1c (r=0.53 and 0.44). LI correlated with S.D. (r=0.58) but not %CV or HbA1c Our results indicate differences compared to other populations. There were fewer subjects with hypoglycemia than Edmonton (85%), or Korean T1D subjects (71%), with much lower Hypo scores in our cohort (90th percentile of 76 vs. 1047 in Edmonton and 377 in Korean subjects). Ryan LI was comparable to the Edmonton cohort, but ADRR, LI and mLI were lower than Korean T1D subjects. Population-specific values should be established, to determine appropriate cut-offs for access to treatments such as islet transplantation. Clinical characteristics and glycemic indicesCharacteristicResultsGlycemic parametersResultsHypoglycemia awareness ScoresResultsGlycemic variability IndicesResultsAge of diagnosis, years19 (12 – 27)Average HbA1c (%)8.2 (7.3 – 9.2)Clarke score ≥424.6%Average daily risk range (ADRR) (n=53)Median (Interquartile range), 90th percentile25.0 (17.7 – 37.0), 40.6Duration of diabetes, years14 (8 – 19)Average Glucose (mmol/L)9.2 (8.0 – 11.2)Gold score ≥428.3%Ryan lability index (n843)Median (Interquartile range), 90th percentile168.5 (93.3 – 333.6), 432.8Insulin use (units/kg/day)0.77 (0.61 – 0.91)S.D. (mmol/L)4.4 (3.5 – 5.2)Hypoglycemia IndicesRyan lability index/no. of BG readings/day (modified Li, mLI)Median (Interquartile range), 90th percentile44.6 (27.0 – 63.1), 83.7Type of insulin regimen (twice daily, 3 times/day, 4 or more/day, insulin pump) (%)6.5/17.7/59.7/16.1%CV37.9 (9.9 – 44.5)Ryan Hypo score (n=43)Median (Interquartile range), 90th percentile 13 (0 – 25), 76Low blood glucose index (LBGI) (n=80)Median (Interquartile range), 90th percentile1.1 (0.5 - 2.1), 3.5% patients with at least 1 episode of hypoglycemia < 3 mmol/L38.8 Disclosure A. Koh: None. S.N. Fun: None. E. Yeoh: None.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".