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Record W2809153562

The Vertical Patterns of Wind Energy: The Effects of Wind Farm Ownership on Rural Communities in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States

2018· article· en· W2809153562 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Jeffrey Jacquet, Joshua Fergen

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of rural and community development · 2018
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicSocial Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsWind powerMultinational corporationContext (archaeology)BusinessOffshore wind powerLocal communityGeographyAgricultural economicsEconomicsPolitical scienceEcologyFinance
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

North America has experienced rapid growth in the construction of utility-scale wind farms, with over 65,000 wind turbines constructed in the past 25 years. While wind farms are located almost exclusively in rural areas, ownership of the wind energy industry is largely a mix of multinational corporate energy conglomerates along with some smaller private energy firms. Despite the growth of the wind industry, little research has examined how the ownership structure of wind farms may affect host communities, even though research on other types of energy projects demonstrates local ownership tends to have more public support and positive benefits to the community. This exploratory research involves 36 in-depth interviews with leaders and residents in three case study communities located in the U.S. states of South Dakota and Minnesota: three communities impacted by wind farms variously owned by a regional electrical cooperative, municipalities, multinational corporations, and a local-resident group. The interviews describe the types of impacts perceived to have occurred in local communities, the role that wind farm ownership appears to play in shaping these impacts and reveal broader structural attributes of the U.S. wind industry. In doing so, this research describes the unique case of Community Wind North, a 12-turbine wind farm in southwestern Minnesota that is owned by 120 local member investors. Our findings from this exploratory research in wind farm host communities suggest that it is the local context of these rural communities that shapes the effects of wind farm development far more than if the wind farm is cooperatively, cooperatively, or municipally owned. We additionally employ Roland Warren’s concepts of vertical and horizontal patterns of community to contextualize our findings, with findings that suggest the structure of the wind industry contributes to the continued advancement of the vertical patterns or linkages between rural areas and metropolitan regions. Keywords: wind energy; renewable energy; community development; Roland Warren _______________________________________________ Les Modèles Verticaux de l'Énergie Éolienne: Les Effets de la Propriété de Parcs Éoliens sur les Communautés Rurales dans la Région des Fondrières des Prairies, aux État-Unis. Résumé L'Amérique du nord a connu une croissance rapide dans le domaine de la construction de parcs éoliens à l'échelle commerciale, avec plus de 65 000 éoliennes construites ces 25 dernières années. Alors que les fermes éoliennes sont presque exclusivement situées dans les zones rurales, la propriété de l'énergie éolienne appartient essentiellement à des trusts multinationaux de l'énergie ainsi qu'à quelques petites compagnies privées énergétiques. Malgré la croissance de l'industrie éolienne, peu de recherches ont examiné dans quelle mesure la structure de la propriété des parcs éoliens pourrait affecter les communautés d'accueil, même si la recherche sur d'autres types de projets énergétiques démontre que la propriété locale tend à avoir plus de support publique ainsi que des effets positifs pour la communauté. Cette recherche exploratoire implique 36 entrevues approfondies avec des dirigeants et résidents de trois études de cas de communautés situées dans les États du Dakota du Sud et du Minnesota, aux États-Unis: trois communautés affectées par les parcs éoliens et dont la propriété est partagée entre une coopérative électrique, les municipalités, des corporations multinationales et un groupe de résidents locaux. Les entrevues décrivent les types d'impacts perçus qui se sont passés dans les communautés locales, le rôle que les propriétaires du parc éolien semblent jouer dans la limitation de ces impacts et dans la mise en évidence de plus grands avantages structurels dans l'industrie éolienne américaine. En faisant cela, cette recherche décrit le cas unique de la Communauté Éolienne du Nord, un parc éolien de 12 éoliennes du sud-ouest du Minnesota, appartenant à 120 investisseurs locaux. Nos conclusions de cette recherche exploratoire sur les parcs éoliens dans les communautés suggèrent que c'est le contexte local de ces communautés rurales qui façonne les effets du développement du parc éolien bien plus que si le parc éolien appartenait à une coopérative ou une municipalité. De plus, nous avons employé les concepts de Roland Warren sur la configuration verticale et horizontale de la communauté pour mettre en contexte nos résultats, avec des résultats qui suggèrent que la structure de l'industrie éolienne contribue à l'avancement continu de la configuration verticale ou à des liens entre les zones rurales et les régions métropolitaines.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.110
Threshold uncertainty score0.218

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0020.002
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.268
Teacher spread0.244 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations8
Published2018
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same venueJournal of rural and community development→Same topicSocial Acceptance of Renewable Energy→French-language works237,207→